![]() This study also demonstrated that the FF-SSMVEP-based BCI system has low contrast and low visual fatigue, offering a better alternative to conventional SSVEP-based BCIs. A 40-target online SSMVEP-based BCI system was achieved that provided an ITR up to 1.52 bits per second (91.2 bits/min), and user training was not required to use this system. More stimulation frequencies could thus be selected to elicit more responding fundamental peaks without overlap with harmonic peaks. These FF-SSMVEPs evoked "single fundamental peak" responses after signal processing without harmonic and subharmonic peaks. Compared with SSVEPs, few harmonic responses were elicited by FF-SSMVEPs, and the frequency energy of SSMVEPs was concentrative. Ring-shaped motion checkerboard patterns with oscillating expansion and contraction motions were presented by a high-refresh-rate display for visual stimuli, and the brightness of the stimuli was kept constant. In our study, a flicker-free steady-state motion visual evoked potential (FF-SSMVEP)-based BCI was proposed. However, the uncomfortable flicker or brightness modulation of existing methods restricts the practical interactivity of BCI applications. ![]() ![]() Visual evoked potential-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been widely investigated because of their easy system configuration and high information transfer rate (ITR). ![]()
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